BT Cotton – Roots For Equity http://rootsforequity.org Mobilizing Communities for an Equitable World Wed, 13 Nov 2024 06:13:39 +0000 en-US hourly 1 https://wordpress.org/?v=6.9.4 http://rootsforequity.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/cropped-Untitled-1-copy-1-32x32.jpg BT Cotton – Roots For Equity http://rootsforequity.org 32 32 Points to Ponder May 2024 http://rootsforequity.org/?p=1930 Wed, 13 Nov 2024 06:03:45 +0000 https://rootsforequity.org/?p=1930 Wheat Fiasco

The month is marked by many critical happenings pertaining to political economy of agriculture. The issue of wheat importation as well as lack of wheat procurement from farmers, which had also been discussed in the previous issue, deserves further attention.

Many aspects of the wheat fiasco are worth highlighting. First, that the shortfall in the amount of wheat needed for the country’s consumption need not have been addressed through private sector importing wheat. According to data released, 2.45 million-ton of wheat shortage was expected for the 2023-24 period; however, an excess of 1.162 million tons of wheat was imported in FY24. The government prices of wheat in the market were higher and the private sector was selling at a lower price. Reports point to the Punjab government that had knowingly kept wheat release rate higher than the private sector, due to which flour mills preferred to purchase Ukrainian wheat imported by the private sector. According to the Pakistan Kisan Itehad, based on lower prices of imported wheat, the local wheat prices fell to PKR 2,800-3,000 per 40kg against the government rate of PKR 3,900.

The question is even if internationally wheat prices were lower, the state is responsible for shielding farmers’ livelihood. If wheat crop is not protected from the private sector, it will have a devastating impact on farmers income, as well as grave consequences in terms of ensuring country’s food security.

There are a total of 65 wheat importers in the country (of which 17 are flour mills who also import wheat), with Louis Dreyfus and United Resources Corporation, being the two major importers. The Plant Protection Agency had issued about 1,000 permits to wheat importers. The role of the caretaker government, and their collusion with the private sector in importing wheat has been highlighted.

Apart from the import of wheat worth PKR330 billion (of which 1.3 million metric tons was reported to be infected), there is also further collaboration of the government with the market actors, where PASSCO officials are being accused of selling the bardana (gunny bags) to traders, politicians and middlemen, allowing them to gain profit by procuring wheat at the subsidized rates set for farmers.

In the coming years, there seem to be clear developments for further strengthening of the private sector. According to news reports, the Punjab food department has decided to withdraw from its practice of wheat procurement, and it will become a law bringing an end to the food department’s role in wheat procurement. Further, according to the new policy the private sector will purchase wheat crop from farmers, directly; the government will fix wheat prices based on international prices of the commodity.

Another pertinent issue with respect to wheat production and country’s food security includes the rapid urbanization that is occurring based on ‘flagrant violations of the law’ in acquiring agricultural land. According to a report by Advocate General Punjab Khalid Ishaq, “Pakistan was a leading South Asian exporter of wheat. This trend has reversed in recent years, and it is reported that Pakistan (government and private sector combined) imported wheat amounting to USD 1 billion during July-March for FY2024.” The loss of agricultural land coupled with consistent damage and destruction of agriculture production due to climate crisis, is bound to increase food insecurity in the country.

Humanitarians?

The World Wide Fund (WWF) and Laudes Foundation have launched the ‘Regenerative Production Landscape Collaborative Pakistan’ initiative. The aim is to ‘revolutionize farming practices,’ and business models to address challenges faced by small farmers, especially women. Apart from increasing women’s income, the project will also be a implementing process that can overcome environmental degradation.

Anita Chester, Head of the Fashion Programme at Laudes Foundation has emphasized the “the initiative’s significant scale, spanning over a million hectares globally and benefiting hundreds of thousands of farmers, with specific plans to cover over 100,000 hectares and assist more than 50,000 farmers in Pakistan alone.”

Laudes Foundation is run by Brenninkmeijer, a European business family. According to an article in the Forbes business magazine, the Dutch retailer C&A Brenninkmeijer is considered one of the most secretive companies in the world. It has a sprawling business with 2,005 stores in 23 countries including the Americas and Asia.

One can only be skeptical of mega-corporations in investing in Pakistan, under the guise of overcoming environmental degradation as well as guarding interests of women workers; it is unfortunate that the plight of women in Pakistan is frequently used to launch projects that are meant for profit rather than promoting and protecting women’s rights. The profit-seeking interest of corporations is well known, and without any doubt, they are major actors responsible for the immense destruction of the planet, and carbon emissions that are responsible for the debilitating climate crisis.

The US AID has been putting funds into clean energy solutions. The Investment Roadshow is aimed to promote private sector investment for sustainable and clean energy solutions. It is noteworthy that at another USAID workshop, the dairy methane emission reduction, the US Ambassador remarked on Pakistan being home to ‘one of the largest livestock populations in the world,’ and hence its role in bringing down carbon emissions. It is indeed quite a brazen statement, given that the US total emissions in 2021 were 13.49%, whereas Pakistan’s total emissions are just 0.9%. Livestock is a key contributor to not only national wealth, but also a source of livelihood to millions of rural households, not to mention its contribution to food and nutrition to all citizens of the country. It is such interventions that raise concerns about the well wishes of those investing in the country.

One should also mention that the European Union has also launched two flagship programs for skills development and clean energy in Gilgit-Baltistan. It is indeed remarkable that highly industrialized capitalist regions, who are not only responsible currently but through centuries of dangerous carbon emissions, are so focused on promoting ‘clean energy solutions’ in our country. The impact of climate crisis has continued to be devastating for Pakistan’s economy as well as its people: the heatwave in Sindh has been devastating with temperatures as high as 44- 51°C. In Khyber Pakhtunkwa, school hours were reduced to deal with the heat wave, while people suffering from it flocked to the hospitals.

The Unholy Mantras – privatization, digitalization, liberalization

Pakistan’s development model seems to have certain constants of which of course trade liberalization and privatization are constant themes.

It is being stated that the government plans to privatise all state-owned enterprises (SOEs), except strategic entities. Prime Minister Shehbaz Sharif, at a high-level meeting has stated that “the government would privatize all state-owned enterprises, excluding the strategic ones, regardless of their profitability or financial losses.”

Privatization and foreign direct investment seem to be top priorities at the moment. Since the launch of the Special Investment Facilitation Council (SIFC) last year, the Council’s name has cropped up frequently with respect to a number of trade liberalization and investment ventures. The Green Pakistan Initiative projects promoting private and public partnerships (PPP), include tourism, agriculture and livestock. Development of Keenjher Lake, Haleji Lake, Hawks Bay and Gorakh Hill Resorts into tourist spots are on the books.

In addition, the Government of Sindh is also discussing the establishment of shrimp farms/hatcheries as well as outsourcing of provincial government’s cattle farms in Rohri, Umerkot and Naukot.

The objectives of private sector investment include improving cattle breeds for milk and meat. International corporations are eager to take over the dairy and meat sector in the country. It is unfortunate that help is being extended to them for this corporate capture. The University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences (UVAS) Lahore has signed a Memorandum of Understanding with Nestle Pakistan Limited for research collaboration in product innovation, reproductive biotechnology to improve dairy farms economics, livestock health & dairy animal breeding. Apart from losing indigenous breeds among livestock, the country also faces loss of much needed foreign exchange, as repatriation of profit and dividend by foreign investors has been reported to grow by 250 percent. According to the State Bank of Pakistan, foreign investors have repatriated some $887 million on account of profit and dividend during July-April of FY24 compared to $253.4 million in the same period.

The SIFC apex committee is also assuring Chinese investors for providing facilitation for investment in the mining sector. Other areas that are to be prioritized for investment include minerals, and information technology (IT). In Balochistan, a Free Zone Agriculture Industrial Park in Gwadar has been inaugurated.

In Punjab, with the help of the World Bank, digitalization of land records in Punjab are being undertaken. It seems that development is now hinged to digitalization, which is persistently emphasized in agriculture. 

Apart from the Chinese other delegations that are being entertained include those from Saudi Arabia, UAE, Japan, Azerbaijan, Qatar, and other countries.

A delegation from Saudi Arabia came on a visit to enh­ance trade ties between investors from both countries and identify trade and investment opportunities across various sectors of national economy. According to the Ministry of Commerce, “leading” Pakistani companies would collaborate with at least 30 Saudi companies across different sectors, including agriculture, mining, human resource, energy, chemicals, and maritime. Discussions were also to be held on other sectors such as IT, religious tourism, telecom, aviation, construction, water and power generation.

The fact that foreign direct investment (FDI) rose 8.1percent to $1.458 billion during July-April FY24 compared to $1.349 billion in the same period last fiscal year, is testament to the government’s preliminary success in attracting foreign investors. The biggest investor was China, with FDI at $439.3 million as compared to $604 million in the same period last year. Another important inflow was from Hong Kong, where FDI increased to $297.9 million compared to $206 million in the same period last year. Inflows from the UK and the USA were $219 million and $216 million, respectively, both of which showed an increase from last year.

Apart from attracting foreign investment to Pakistan, other schemes that provide ease of access to modern information technologies are also being floated. Kisan Card schemes have been launched in previous years; recently the IT Ministry launched the ‘CropWise Grower’ application for farmers. It should be noted that the application belongs to Syngenta, now a part of the Chinee chemical giant Sinochem, a Chinese state-owned corporation. It should be noticed that CropWise uses artificial intelligence (AI) providing image-based problem diagnosis, as well as information for all its nearest stores (called Naya Savera) selling Syngenta products. A new scheme for Kisan Card, as well as the Benazir Hari Card in Sindh are also to be launched in the coming months.

In addition, the Habib Bank Limited has also entered a partnership with Agrilift, a Pakistani company that was formed in 2021. Agrilift, according to its company information, is an AI-based platform offering crop monitoring technology. Other such enterprises include the “Bakhabar Kisan.”

Feudalism for the poor, Capitalism for the rich

On one hand, capitalist policies are being thrust across the entire production landscape, especially in agriculture, but on the other hand feudal as well as colonial policies and practices remain for controlling the vast rural population, ensuring that they remain oppressed and exploited. According to Human Rights Watch, the colonial-era Land Acquisition Act is used often to evict ‘low-income groups;’ the 1894 law is used for public land acquisition, which is then often used by government authorities for public-private partnerships, and even for private corporations. It is clear, that while new laws and policies facilitating investors and corporations are enacted regularly and rapidly, colonial laws, especially those guarding land rights of the powerful feudal forces have remained untouched, even after more than 70 years of so-called independence from British colonizers, and are used forcefully against the marginalized oppressed classes.

There is a report of an agricultural worker tortured to death by a landlord. In Pakistan, more than often criminal acts of landlords and those in power often remain outside the reach of law enforcement. The fact that land disputes remain a regular feature in our rural areas highlights the fact that feudalism remains a key feature of Pakistan’s political economy.

After all of the above endeavors of the government to carry out privatization and trade liberalization, the final impact can only be measured based on the socio-economic conditions of the people. According to a research study, conducted by the Pakistan Institute of Development Economics (PIDE), the poverty rate in Pakistan over the past five years has increased from 38.6 percent to 39.5 percent. National poverty rate has reached 39.5% while in Balochistan it is 70 percent, in KP 48 percent, in Sindh at 45 percent, and in Punjab poverty rate stands at 30 percent. The report revealed that rural areas have recorded higher poverty rates than urban areas across the country, as the poverty rate in rural areas was recorded at 51%, whereas, in urban areas 17 percent.

These abysmal figures are the crux of the matter. Only when the country’s working class, its peasantry is able to reap the benefits of economic policies can it be said that the government has made people-centered decisions and policies, ridding the country of hunger, malnourishment and grinding poverty.

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Peasants, Rise Up against Land Grabs and Fascism! http://rootsforequity.org/?p=1310 Thu, 31 Mar 2022 11:25:35 +0000 https://rootsforequity.org/?p=1310 March 29, 2022 | Press Release

Pakistan Kissan Mazdoor Tehreek along with peasant movements, food sovereignty advocates, and supporters of genuine agrarian reform around the world, mark this year’s Day of the Landless enraged by the renewed push of big corporations, the rich governments representing them, and the governments of poor countries subservient to foreign and private capital of their land grabbing in the name of development and so called climate friendly schemes in the pretext of climate change mitigation and sustainable food systems.

It is shameful that even during the Covid19 pandemic, instead of promoting and implementing policies that would promote sustainable food system, the United Nations directly supported and worked with mega business platforms and corporations to promote industrial-chemical methods of agricultural production that suit the very actors responsible for unsustainable food production directly responsible for the present climate crisis, that has even in the past few months reached alarming heights.

The major infrastructure projects such as the case of Northern Bypass, corporate farming systems including those being used in the dairy and livestock sector are responsible for eviction of small and landless farmers from their communities. Instead of promoting small farmers and landless farmers who practice traditional sustainable methods of agricultural production, our government is allowing free market forces to take over land, livestock, food production and processes as well as markets. A key example is the Pure Food Authority to take away control of the fresh milk sector from small producers and give control to huge corporations such as Nestle and Friesland Campina. Corporations like Pepsi Co are producing potatoes on more than 20,000 acres of land that is resulting in more and more agricultural workers to work on hunger wages. Digitalization of the food production system, an example being of the Pakistan Kissan Card is a dangerous element of trade liberalization that will allow further encroachment of not only agro-chemial corporations but also financial and IT corporations to control our agriculture. Critical food crops such as wheat production is being affected immensely. At the same time, increasing sugarcane production, a key biofuel crop, is also a contributor to drastic loss of livelihood for landless agricultural works pushing landless women to carry out backbreaking work in sugarcane harvesting just to access fodder for their animals.  These profit-seeking corporations are being fully facilitated by our state mechanism much of which is controlled by feudal lords.

The imperialist international financial system, especially the International Monetary Fund (IMF) has imposed grotesque conditionalities based on which the small farmers, the landless, the women and children of the working classes face crippling poverty and hunger. The extremely high cost of agricultural production is leading to pauperization of small farmers, many facing eviction and being forced to sell their already meagre landholding.

Additionally, the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic continues to deepen the contradictions between the land and resource grabbers — the monopoly capitalists, finance oligarchs, local compradors, landlords, and bureaucrats — and the farmers, farmworkers, fishers, indigenous people, rural women and youth, and other rural sectors. Covid19 pandemic has led to new levels of global poverty and hunger that primarily impact rural peoples. Aggravating this are the wars and conflicts perpetrated by the competing interests of big global powers. The war in Ukraine that is being driven by the US-Russia rivalry, for instance, is exacerbating the already very dire situation of global hunger and food insecurity. Under the worsening socio-economic conditions of billions worldwide due to structural social inequalities the ruling classes are increasingly resorting fascist and dictatorial measures to maintain their power amid massive social unrests. 

PKMT stands firm in its fight for the rights of small and landless farmers, for the entire working class. We will continue to fight for food sovereignty, strengthen our solidarity with the masses and expose and fight all forms of feudal encroachments and corporate grab, while promoting sustainable food systems based on the people’s rights to land and resources and a healthy planet.

  • Stop land grabs!
  • Stop the fascist attacks and human rights violations against rural peoples!
  • Advance just, equitable, healthy, and sustainable food systems!
  • Genuine agrarian reform now!

Release by: Pakistan Kissan Mazdoor Tehreek & Roots for Equity

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ہم جینیاتی بیج کی مخالفت کیوں کرتے ہیں؟ http://rootsforequity.org/?p=650 Mon, 17 Jun 2019 07:22:09 +0000 http://rootsforequity.org/?p=650 بیج اپنی پیدائش سے ایک آزادقدرتی وسیلہ ہے جس کے کئی افعال ہیں، بیج جینیاتی وسائل کا ایک ذخیرہ ہے اور ہماری خوراک کا ایک ایسا بنیادی جز ہے جو اپنے اندر زندگی سمو کر کرہ ارض پر ناصرف انسان بلکہ ہر جاندار کی زندگی کو رواں رکھتا ہے۔ اس لیے بیج کو تجارتی جنس بنانا ایسا ہی ہے جیسے زندگی کو تجارت بنادینا۔

اس حوالے سے یہاں کچھ نکات مندرجہ زیل ہیں جو واضح کرتے ہیں کہ کیوں سوجھلا فار سوشل چینج، پاکستان کسان مزدور تحریک (پی کے ایم ٹی)، روٹس فار ایکوٹی اور دیگر سماجی تنظیمیں بلعموم ٹرید ریلیٹڈ آسپکٹس آف انٹی لیکچول پراپرٹی رائٹس (ٹرپس) اور بلخصوص سیڈ (ایمنڈیڈ) ایکٹ 2015 اور پلانٹ بریڈرز رائٹس ایکٹ 2016 کی مخالفت کرتی ہیں۔

:بیج پر کسانوں کا اجتماعی حق اور زندہ شے پر ملکیتی دعوی
بیج قدرت کا ایک تحفہ ہے جو کسی فرد یا کمپنی کی نہیں بلکہ اجتماعی ملکیت ہے۔ اس میں کوئی شک نہیں کہ یہ کسان ہی ہیں جنہوں نے صدیوں بیج کی افزائش کی، تجربات کیے، اسے ذخیرہ کیا، تقسیم کیا اور محفوظ کیا ہے۔ یہ کسانوں اور دیہی آبادیوں کا اجتماعی علم ہی تھا جس نے انسانی تہذیب کو ہزاروں اقسام کے اجناس، سبزیاں، پھل اور پھولوں کی کاشت کے قابل بنایا۔ کسانوں نے نسل در نسل بیج کو محفوظ کیا اور یہ سلسلہ لاکھوں سال سے چلا آرہا ہے۔ یہاں ہزاروں اقسام ہیں جو کسانوں نے پیدا کی ہیں لیکن ہم کسانوں نے جب بھی نئی اقسام پیدا کیں فطرت کا احترام اور اس کے اصولوں کی پاسداری کی اور بیج میں پنہاں جینیاتی وسائل کا سب کے ساتھ آزادانہ تبادلہ کیا۔ ہم کسان جن کی تاریخ وادی سندھ کی تہذیب ہے جہاں باقائدہ زراعت کا آغاز ہوا اور ہمارے علم و تجربات کی بدولت ہماری نسلوں کو بہترین جینیاتی وسائل منتقل ہوئے۔ لہذا ہم یقین رکھتے ہیں کہ بیج آزاد ہے۔ یہ زندگی منتقل کرتا ہے اور بحیثیت ایک زندہ شے اسے محدود نہیں کیا جاسکتا، اسے کسی فرد یا کمپنیوں کی ملکیت نہیں قرار دیا جاسکتا۔ اگر یہ ملکیت ہے تو کسانوں کی اجتماعی ملکیت ہے۔ تاریخ میں ہم کسان ہی اس کے محافظ و نگہبان رہے ہیں۔ ہم نے بطور نگہبان اور محافظ اپنے فرائض سے انصاف کرتے ہوئے اس کا آزادانہ تبادلہ اور اسے تقسیم کیا ان سب سے جو اسے بطور خوراک، صحت اور زندگی استعمال کرنے کے خواہشمند تھے۔

:حیاتیاتی تنوع کو درپیش خطرات
یہاں یہ وضاحت ضروری ہے کہ 1960 کی دہائی میں سبز انقلاب کی آمد کے ساتھ ہی بیج کو جبراً ہم کسانوں کی ملکیت اور نگہبانی سے نکال کر اسے ایک تجارتی جنس میں تبدیل کردیا گیا۔ بیج پر کمپنیوں کے اختیار، بیج کی ہائبرڈ اقسام کا فروغ اور اب جینیاتی بیجوں کی بدولت ہم کسان صرف 50 سالوں میں اپنے زیادہ تر مقامی روایتی بیجوں سے محروم ہوگئے ہیں۔ متنوع جینیاتی وسائل جو ہزاروں سال میں محفوظ کیے گئے تھے ایک صدی سے بھی کم عرصے میں تقریباً ناپید ہوگئے ہیں۔
اگر ہم نے جینیاتی بیجوں کو اپنی خوراک و زراعت پر قبضے کی اجازت دی تو یہ قدم حیاتیاتی تنوع کی مزید تباہی کا سبب ہوگا۔ ہائبرڈ اور جینیاتی بیج ایک ہی قسم کی ایک جیسی فصل کی کاشت پر انحصار کرتے ہیں۔ جینیاتی بیج دراصل حیاتیاتی تنوع جو ایک گھمبیر باریکی سے جڑا ہوا نظام ہے، کو رد کرتا ہے۔ بیج کو ایک مشین میں تبدیل کردیا گیا ہے جس کی اہمیت پیداوار سے جانچی جاتی ہے، لیکن بیج کا کام صرف پیداوار دینا نہیں ہے۔ زندگی کو کئی شکلوں میں فروغ دینا بھی اس کا کام ہے اور اس فعل پر انسانی عقل اب تک عبور حاصل نہیں کرسکی ہے اور اسی لیے بیج کو صرف جمع تفریق کے فارمولے میں ڈھالنا سخت بیوقوفی ہے۔ نباتاتی حیات (پلانٹ لائف) پیچیدہ ہے، ایک غذائی چکر ہے، پرندوں سے لے کر رینگنے والے جانوروں تک، حشرات سے لے کر لاکھوں خردبینی جانداروں کے لیے ایک تحفظ ہے۔ اس میں شک نہیں کہ ایک جیسے پودوں کی پیداوار متنوع حیات کا انکار اور کئی طرح کی ماحولیاتی آفات کی وجہ ہے۔
یہ بات بھی قابل ذکر ہے کہ زیادہ پیداوار دینے والی بیج کی اقسام پودوں میں کم از اکم ایک ایسی حیاتیاتی تبدیلی نہیں ہے جس کو اصلی حالت میں واپس نہ لایا جاسکے یعنی وقت کے ساتھ ان بیجوں سے جینیاتی مواد واپس بھی حاصل کیا جاسکتا ہے، لیکن جینیاتی بیج ایسی حیاتیاتی تبدیلیوں کے ذریعے تیار کیا جاتا ہے جسے واپس پرانی شکل میں حاصل نہیں کیا جاسکتا۔ مزید سنگین نقصان یہ ہے کہ جینیاتی بیجوں کی افزائش قدرتی بیجوں کے ساتھ ہوسکتی ہے جس کا مطلب ہے کہ بڑے پیمانے پر جینیاتی وسائل کی ناقابل تلافی آلودگی اور ملاوٹ ایک حقیقت ہے۔ ایک بار جینیاتی بیج فطرت میں پھیل جائیں تو یہ ایسا ہے جیسے کہ کوئی ایسی معذوری جسے کوئی دور نہیں کرسکتا اور اس کی افزائش جاری رکھی جائے جو ماحول میں موجود قدرتی اقسام کو آلودہ کرتا رہے۔

:خوراک و زراعت پر کمپنیوں کا غلبہ
زرعی کیمیائی اور بیج کمپنیوں نے ایسی قانونی حکمت عملی بنانے کے لیے تگ و دو کی ہے جس کی بنیاد پر بیج کو ان کی ملکیت کہا جائے۔ ایسا اس لیے ہے کہ بیج میں ایک منفرد خاصیت ہے کہ صرف ایک بیج بھی سینکڑوں اپنے جیسے بیج پیدا کرسکتا ہے، اسی لیے یہ ناممکن ہے کہ بیج پر اجارہ داری قائم کی جاسکے۔ ایسا صرف ایک قانونی نظام میں ممکن ہے جو ان کمپنیوں کو زندگی کو اختیار یا ملکیت میں لینے کی جازت دیتا ہو۔ جب منافع کمانے والی کمپنیوں کو بیج پر اختیار یا ملکیت دے دی جاتی ہے تو ایک قوم اپنی خوراک کی پیداوار پر اختیار سے محروم ہوجاتی ہے۔ کمپنیاں اپنی مرضی سے بیج کی قیمت کا تعین کرسکتی ہیں۔ کمپنیاں کسی بھی ملک میں بیج کی فروخت باآسانی روک سکتی ہیں۔ جنگ اور تنازعات کے اس دور میں بیج پر اختیار و ملکیت محتاجی میں ایک اور اضافہ ہے۔ آج کسان یہ فیصلہ نہیں کرسکتے کہ انہیں کیا اگانا ہے، کسان کو منڈی میں دستیاب کمپنیوں کے بیجوں پر انحصار کرنا پڑتا ہے اور کسان یہی دستیاب بیج کاشت کرنے پر مجبور ہوتے ہیں۔ یہ بات بھی قابل ذکر ہے کہ آج پاکستان میں تقریباً تمام سبزیاں کمپنیوں کے تیارکردہ بیجوں سے کاشت کی جارہی ہیں اور ہر ایک سبزی کی فصل پر زہریلی زرعی ادویات کی بھاری مقدار چھڑکی جاتی ہے۔ غریب ہو یا امیر پوری قوم کے پاس یہ آلودہ غذا کھانے کے سوا کوئی چارہ نہیں۔
یہ اہم نکتہ ہے کہ بیج پر اب صرف چار بڑی کمپنیوں بائیر (Bayer)، کیم چائنہ (Chem China)، بی اے ایس ایف (BASF) اور کورٹیوا (Corteva) کا غلبہ ہے۔ کچھ ہی سالوں میں ان چار کمپنیوں نے بیج کے شعبہ پر اجارہ داری قائم کرلی ہے جن کا عالمی سطح پر بیج کی 60 فیصد فروخت پر قبضہ ہے۔ صرف 10 سال پہلے 2009 میں عالمی سطح پر تقریباً 100 بیج کمپنیاں تھیں۔ حد یہ ہے کہ صرف پچھلے دو سے تین سالوں میں بڑے پیمانے پر ان کمپنیوں کا آپس میں انضمام ہوا جیسے کہ بائیر نے مونسانٹو کو خرید لیا جو آج بیج کی سب سے بڑی کمپنی ہے۔ 2017 میں ڈوپونٹ ڈاؤ کمپنی میں ضم ہوکر امریکہ کی ڈاؤ ڈوپونٹ کمپنی بن گئی اور اس سال کمپنی نے اپنا زرعی شعبہ الگ کرکے اسے کورٹیوا ایگری سائنس کا نام دے دیا۔

:پیداواری لاگت
کسانوں کے لیے ہائبرڈ اور جینیاتی بیجوں کا مطلب ہے کہ انتہائی مہنگی پیداواری لاگت۔ بیج کمپنیوں نے ”پیکچ ڈیل“ بنادی ہیں یعنی اگر آپ مخصوص برانڈ کا بیج خریدیں گے تو آپ کو کمپنی کے ہی تجویز کردہ مخصوص نباتات کش، کرم کش زرعی زہر بھی خریدنے پڑیں گے۔ یوں کسان کمپنی کی کئی مصنوعات خریدنے پر مجبور ہوتا ہے۔ مزید یہ کہ ان سب کے بعد بھی اس کی کوئی ضمانت نہیں ہے کہ کسان منافع بخش پیداوار حاصل کرسکے گا۔
یہ اچھی طرح سمجھ لینا ضروری ہے کہ ہائبرڈ اور جینیاتی بیج اضافی کیمیائی کھادوں کے بغیر اگ نہیں سکتے اور کیمیائی کھادیں کیڑے مکوڑوں کے لیے پرکشش ہوتی ہیں، لہذا ہماری خوراک انتہائی خطرناک کیمیائی مواد کی بھاری مقدار جزب کرلیتی ہے۔ آج ایسا کوئی چھوٹا کسان نہیں جو قرض دار نہ ہو۔ کسان ہائبرڈ اور جینیاتی بیج اس امید پر کاشت کرتے رہتے ہیں کہ وہ زیادہ پیداوار حاصل کریں گے اور اپنا قرض چکاسکیں گے، لیکن وہ ہر موسم میں فصل کی کٹائی کے بعدمزید قرض میں ڈوب جاتے ہیں۔
ایسے شواہد کی کمی نہیں جن سے ظاہر ہوتا ہے کہ جینیاتی بیج ناصرف پاکستان بلکہ دنیا بھر میں ناکام ہوچکے ہیں۔ کچھ سال پہلے امریکی محکمہ زراعت گینس (GAINS)کی رپورٹ میں لکھا گیا تھا کہ پاکستان میں تقریباً 95 فیصد کپاس جینیاتی بیجوں سے کاشت ہوتی ہے۔ یہ بیج پاکستان میں 2000 کی دہائی میں متعارف کیے گئے تھے اور نتیجہ سامنے ہے۔ سب جانتے ہیں کہ گزشتہ کچھ سالوں سے ملک میں کپاس کی پیداوار کم ہورہی ہے اور ہم عالمی منڈی سے مسلسل کپاس درآمد کررہے ہیں۔ کپاس کے جینیاتی بیج ناصرف کیڑے مکوڑے کے حملے روکنے میں ناکام ہوے بلکہ مزید دیگر کیڑوں کے حملے کا سبب بھی بنے، جنہیں اکثر’سپر بگ‘ کہا جاتا ہے جس کے لیے اب زرعی زہر کی بھاری مقدار کی ضرورت ہوتی ہے۔

:پانی اور زمین
ہائبرڈ اور جینیاتی بیجوں کے ساتھ بیرونی مداخل کے استعمال کے اہم نکتہ کو بھی سمجھنے کی ضرورت ہے۔ یہ بیج بیرونی مداخل کے استعمال اور اضافی پانی کے استعمال پر بہت زیادہ انحصار کرتے ہیں۔ یاد رہے کہ پاکستان ایک نیم بارانی خطہ ہے جو پانی کے لے بارشوں اور اپنے گلیشیئرز پر انحصار کرتا ہے جہاں نہری پانی کی ترسیل کم ہے۔ یہ ایک عام حقیقت ہے لہذا ڈیموں کی تعمیر پر توجہ مرکوز ہے۔ اکثر یہ کہا جاتا ہے کہ آنے والی دہائیوں میں بڑی جنگوں کی وجہ پانی ہوگا۔ نہری پانی ناصرف سرحد پار بلکہ اندرون ملک چاروں صوبوں کے درمیان بھی تنازعات اور تناؤ کی وجہ ہے۔ جبکہ ہم قیمتی آبی وسائل کو ایسے بیجوں کے فروغ پر ضائع کررہے ہیں جس نے ہمارے کسانوں کے لیے کئی سطحوں پر محتاجی پیدا کردی ہے۔ آج حکومت پاکستان بشمول حکومت پنجاب کی پالیسی زرعی آزاد تجارت پر مبنی ہے جس میں برآمدات میں اضافے پر زور ہے۔ یعنی جب ہم کمپنیوں کے بیج استعمال کرتے ہیں ناصرف ہم اپنے ملک کے کم ہوتے ہوئے آبی ذخائر کا اضافی استعمال کررہے ہوتے ہیں بلکہ ہم اپنا پانی بھی برآمد کررہے ہوتے ہیں۔
یہ اب ڈھکی چھپی بات نہیں کہ پاکستان نے کارپوریٹ فارمنگ کو ایک مثالی پالیسی کے طور پراپنا لیا ہے، لیکن اس پالیسی کی کیا قیمت چکائی جارہی ہے؟ پانی کی قلت کے شکار ممالک اور وہ ممالک جہاں زمین زرخیز نہیں ہے یا پھر کیمیائی زراعت کی وجہ سے وہ اپنی زمین تباہ کرچکے ہیں، پاکستان میں زمین حاصل کررہے ہیں۔ پہلے ہی متحدہ عرب امارات کی کمپنی الدھرا سندھ میں زمین حاصل کرچکی ہے جہاں مویشیوں کے لیے چارہ کاشت ہورہا ہے، یہ چارے کی ایسی قسم ہے جو زیادہ پانی پر انحصار کرتی ہے۔ اسی طرح چین نے بھی زرعی شعبہ میں دلچسپی کا اظہار کیا ہے۔ یہ دلچسپی پاکستان میں جینیاتی ٹیکنالوجی کے استعمال اور غذائی اجناس کی کاشت کے لیے ہے جسے برآمد کیا جاسکے۔

:آلودگی، محفوظ غذاہیت بخش خوراک اور صحت
بیج پر غلبہ صرف کمپنیوں کے فراہم کردہ بیجوں پر انحصار کا معاملہ نہیں بلکہ اس زہر کا بھی ہے جو اب ہمارے غذائی نظام کا حصہ بن گیا ہے۔ اگر کوئی ہمارے کھانے کی پلیٹ پر کیمیکل چھڑک دے ہم اسے نہیں کھائیں گے، لیکن ہم اس حقیقت سے آنکھ چراتے ہیں کہ جینیاتی بیج مٹی میں اپنی کاشت کے پہلے دن سے لے کر تقریباً کٹائی تک زہرکے ساتھ پروان چڑھتے ہیں۔ جینیاتی بیجوں میں بی ٹی بیج اور بھی بدتر اس لیے ہے کہ اس میں بیج کے اندر ہی زہر شامل کیا جاچکا ہوتا ہے، یوں یہ زہر پورے پودے میں پھیل جاتا ہے۔ کیا پاکستانیوں کو صاف و محفوظ غذائیت سے بھرپور خوراک کا مطالبہ کرنے کا حق نہیں ہے؟
انسان اور دیگر تمام جانداروں کو اس زہریلی آلودگی کی بھاری قیمت چکانی پڑی ہے۔ آج معاشرہ کئی طرح کی پھیلتی ہوئی بیماریوں کا شکار ہے جس کی وجہ زہریلی غذا اور ماحول بنا ہے جو صنعتی زراعت کا”تحفہ“ ہے۔ اس کے علاوہ یہ بیماریاں گھرانے پر سخت جسمانی اور ذہنی دباؤ ڈالتی ہیں۔ یہ بھی واضح کرنے کی ضرورت ہے کہ زیادہ تر پاکستانیوں کے لیے ان بیماریوں کا مہنگا ترین علاج کروانا تقریباً ناممکن ہے۔ سرطان کے علاج پر 17 سے 20 لاکھ روپے خرچ ہوتے ہیں اور اس کے بعد بھی یہ ضروری نہیں کہ انسانی جان بچ جائے۔
اس حوالے سے مونسانٹو کی نباتات کش دوا راؤنڈ اپ ریڈی کے خلاف قانونی مقدمات کی فہرست کو بھی یاد رکھنا ضروری ہے جس میں گلائیفو سیٹ ہوتا ہے۔ گلائفوسیٹ کو عالمی ادارہ صحت کے زیلی ادارے انٹرنیشنل ایجنسی فار ریسرچ آن کینسر نے انسانوں میں ممکنہ طور پر سرطان کی وجہ قرار دیا ہے۔ ایک امریکی جوڑے میں سرطان کی وجہ بننے پر مونسانٹو کو ایسے ہی ایک مقدمے میں دو بلین ڈالر سے زائد ہرجانہ ادا کرنے کا حکم دیا گیا ہے جو اپنی زمین پر گلائفوسیٹ استعمال کرتے تھے۔
پاکستان میں غذائی کمی آج ایک عام مسئلہ بن چکی ہے۔ پاکستان کے تقریباً آدھے بچے غذائی کمی کا شکار ہیں۔ یہ سمجھنے کی ضرورت ہے کہ ایسا کیوں ہے۔ اس کی سب سے اہم وجہ یہ ہے کہ جو خوراک ہم اپنے کھیتوں میں کاشت کرتے ہیں وہ ہماری بھوک تو مٹاتی ہے لیکن غذائیت خصوصاً مائیکرونیوٹرنٹ فراہم کرنے سے قاصر ہے۔ ہماری مقامی اقسام ناصرف مقامی زرعی مداخل (جیسے کہ مویشیوں کا فضلہ و ہری کھاد اور پانی کی کم مقدار) پر منحصر تھیں بلکہ ان کی جڑیں زمین میں گہرائی تک جاتی تھیں جہاں سے وہ قدرتی طور پر مٹی سے معدنیات حاصل کرتی تھیں، جبکہ ہائبرڈ اور جینیاتی پودے اپنی غذا یوریا اور دیگر کیمیائی کھادوں سے حاصل کرتے ہیں جو کمپنیوں کے نمائندے متعارف کرواتے ہیں۔ نتیجہ خوراک میں غذائیت کی کمی۔
انسانوں میں بیماریوں اور موت کے پھیلاؤ کے ساتھ ساتھ صنعتی زراعت میں کیمیکلز کے بھاری استعمال نے پھول پودوں اور ان سے جڑی حیات کی بہت سی اقسام کا خاتمہ کردیا جس کی ایک عام مثال تتلی اور شہد کی مکھیاں ہیں۔ یہ چھوٹے سے کیڑے زیرگی کے عمل میں اہم کردار ادا کرتے ہیں اور انسانوں کے لیے شہد جیسی غذائیت بخش خوراک پیدا کرتے ہیں۔ اسی طرح زرعی زہر کے چھڑکاؤ اور کیمیائی کھادوں کے استعمال سے پرندوں کی سینکڑوں اقسام کا خاتمہ ہوچکا ہے۔
ہمارے اس شاندار ماحولیاتی نظام کا توازن اور ماحول برباد ہوچکا ہے۔ آج کسان ناصرف پاکستان میں بلکہ دنیا بھر میں بھوک، غربت، قرض کے بوجھ، بیماریوں اور اموات کا سامنا کررہے ہیں جس میں بیج کے بنیادی کردار سے انحراف کرنا ممکن نہیں جسے منافع کے حصول کے لیے ان کمپنیوں نے جکڑ رکھا ہے جن کے لیے کرہ ارض اور انسانی زندگی سے کہیں زیادہ دولت و منافع اہم ہے۔

:سامراجی تسلط
اس میں کوئی شک نہیں کہ بیج سے متعلق موجودہ قانونی ڈھانچے کی بنیاد ڈبیلیو ٹی او کا معاہدہ ٹرپس ہے۔ ڈبلیو ٹی او نے آزاد تجارت کو فروغ دینے کے لیے ایک وسیع قانونی ڈھانچہ تیار کیا ہے جن میں سے ایک ٹرپس معاہدہ ہے۔ اس معاہدے کی بنیاد اس حقیقت پر ہے کہ ایک تو شمالی ممالک کی کمپنیوں کی اجارہ داری بیج کے شعبہ پر قائم رہے اور دوسرا یہ کہ بیج کو تجارتی جنس بنانا مشکل تھا۔ بیج پر سے کسانوں کے اختیار کو ختم کرنے کا واحد راستہ یہی تھا کہ قانون سازی کی جائے جو کسانوں کے صدیوں پرانے اجتماعی حق کو غضب کرسکے۔
یہ واضح ہے کہ سرکاری حکام اس پالیسی اور قانونی پابندیوں کے حق میں نہیں جو ڈبلیو ٹی او پاکستان پر نافذ کررہا ہے۔ 1995 میں ڈبلیو ٹی او کے قیام کے بعد گزشتہ 25 سالوں میں اختلافات واضح ہوگئے ہیں۔ ان اختلافات کی بنیاد ناصرف کسانوں کے حقوق کا احترام ہے بلکہ وطن دوست احساسات اور قومی مفاد بھی ہے۔ ملکی مفاد میں بہتر ہے کہ خوراک کے نظام میں محتاجی ختم ہو اور کسان و صارف دونوں کا تحفظ ہو اور آخر کار ملک کو مزید محتاجی سے تحفظ حاصل ہو۔
ملک میں جنیاتی مکئی کی منظوری کے تناظر میں یہ مدنظر رکھا جائے کہ زرعی شعبہ سے وابستہ تمام شراکت داروں نے، جن میں کسان، ملکی بیج کمپنیاں اور خوراک تیار کرنے والے مقامی کارخانے شامل ہیں، ملک میں جنیاتی مکئی کی کاشت کی اجازت دینے کے سخت خلاف ہیں۔ جینیاتی مکئی اپنی کراس پولینیشن یا زیرگی کے عمل کی وجہ سے انتہائی خطرناک ہے اور یہ یقینی ہے کہ جینیاتی مکئی مقامی جینیاتی وسائل کو آلودہ کردے گا جنہیں دوبارہ اصل شکل میں حاصل نہیں کیا جاسکتا، اس کا نتیجہ ملک سے مقامی مکئی کی اقسام کے خاتمے کی صورت نکلے گا۔ سیکریٹری وزارت قومی غذائی تحفظ و تحقیق نے بھی نشاندہی کی ہے کہ جینیاتی مکئی پیداوار میں کوئی واضح اضافہ نہیں کرتی، ناہی اس کے استعمال سے پیداواری لاگت کم ہوتی ہے اور نا ہی درآمد۔ مزید یہ کہ ”جینیاتی مکئی کی منظوری سے درآمدی اخراجات بڑھ سکتے ہیں اور ہماری برآمدات بھی متاثر ہوسکتی ہیں“۔
یہ بھی مدنظر رکھا جانا چاہیے کہ جینیاتی مکئی کی منظوری کے بعد جینیاتی اور غیر جینیاتی مکئی کے لیے کوئی قانونی ڈھانچہ اور قوائد و ضوابط یا نظام موجود نہیں جو کسانوں اور صارفین کو تحفظ فراہم کرتے ہوں۔ اس کے علاوہ یہاں جینیاتی فصلوں کے لیے کسانوں کی تربیت کا بھی کوئی نظام موجود نہیں ہے۔ جینیاتی اور غیر جینیاتی دونوں فصلوں کا ایک ساتھ کاشت کیا جانا ایک بڑا مسئلہ ہے جہاں 95 فیصد کسانوں کے پاس پانچ ایکڑ سے کم زمین ہے۔ اس صورتحال میں جینیاتی اور غیرجینیاتی فصلوں کے درمیان کراس پولی نیشن کے امکانات بہت زیادہ ہیں۔
خبروں کے مطابق دفاعی اداروں کی جانب سے بھی جینیاتی ٹیکنالوجی کی کاشت کی سخت مخالفت نظر آرہی ہے۔ فوج اور حساس ادارے آئی ایس آئی کے نمائندوں نے اس حوالے سے ایک مشاورتی اجلاس میں شرکت کی۔ ملٹری اسٹریٹیجک پلاننگ ڈویژن کے نمائندے کے مطابق جینیاتی فصلوں کی منظوری الگ الگ فصلوں کی بنیاد پر ہونی چاہیے اور جینیاتی مکئی کو پاکستان میں کاشت کی اجازت نہیں ملنی چاہیے۔
یہ بھی قابل غور ہے کہ کئی ممالک کو جینیاتی فصلوں پر سخت تحفظات ہیں۔ مثلاً 2017 میں یورپی یونین نے جینیاتی چاول پر شدید تحفظات کا اظہار کیا تھا۔ اسی طرح چین نے کئی کھیپوں میں جینیاتی ملاوٹ کی وجہ سے سرسوں کے بیج اور اس سے بنے کھانوں کی پاکستان سے درآمد پر 2013 میں پابندی عائد کردی۔ یہ پابندی اب تک برقرار ہے اور ہم اپنی اس منڈی کو کھوچکے ہیں۔ روس اور کئی وسط ایشیائی ریاستیں جینیاتی فصلوں کی اجازت نہیں دیتے۔ خلیجی ممالک نے بھی جینیاتی فصلوں پر پابندی عائد کررکھی ہے۔


اوپر پیش کردہ مواد سے واضح ہے کہ کسانوں، شہریوں اور پورے معاشرے کے لیے ایک صحت مند خوراک اگانے کا نظام اہم ترین ضرورت ہے جس کا ایک اہم ترین جز بیج ہے۔ لہذا ہم اپنے بیجوں کے تحفظ کے لیے پرعزم اور ڈٹے ہوئے ہیں۔ ہمیں یقین ہے کہ عدالت اس مقدمے کے ہر پہلو کو مدنظر رکھے گی، عوامی حقوق، کسانوں، اور قومی مفاد کو ترجیح دے گی ناکہ غیرملکی کمپنیوں کے مفادات کو۔

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WHY WE MUST OPPOSE GENETICALLY MODIFIED SEEDS? http://rootsforequity.org/?p=630 http://rootsforequity.org/?p=630#respond Thu, 13 Jun 2019 06:40:00 +0000 http://rootsforequity.org/?p=630 A Brief prepared by Pakistan Kissan Mazdoor Tehreek and Roots for Equity

Seed was born free. It has multiple functions: it is the reservoir of genetic resources, it is the basic unit for our food, it holds life in its core, essential for maintain human and all life on this planet.  Commodification of seed is commodification of life!

Following are some points elaborated to highlight why Sojhla for Social Change, Pakistan Kissan Mazdoor Tehreek (PKMT), Roots for Equity and other people’s and civil society organizations have been opposing in general the Trade-related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights Act (TRIPs) and specifically the Pakistan Seed (Amended) Act 2015, and the Plant Breeders Rights Act 2016.

1.Farmers Collective Rights over Seed and Patenting of Life Forms

Seed, a genetic resource is a gift of nature and belongs to no one person or corporation but is owned collectively. But there is no doubt, that it was farmers who over many millennia experimented, re-generated, sorted, propagated and saved seeds. It was the collective knowledge of farmers and rural communities that allowed hundred of varieties of grains, vegetables, fruits, and flowers to be domesticated for human civilization. Farmers saved seed from one generation to the next, a process that went on for millions of years. There were thousands of varieties that were developed by farmers, but even though we farmers came out with new varieties we respected and followed the rules of nature, and shared the genetic resources openly with all. We, who have our history based in the Indus Valley Civilization, were the first to domesticate seed and through our knowledge and experience pass the best of genetic resources to our generations. Therefore, we farmers believe that first seed is free; it is a carrier of life and being a living thing it cannot be shackled, it cannot be owned by individuals or companies. If at all, it is the collective property of farmers; we have been its custodians, its guardians. We have respected our position of custodians and hence shared it fully and openly with all those who wish to use it as food, as a source of health, as a source medicine and of life.

It needs to be pointed out that with the advent of Green Revolution in the 1960s, seed has been forced out of our care and custody and turned into a commodity. With corporate control over seeds, with promotion of hybrid varieties and now genetically modified seeds we have lost much of the indigenous varieties in just 50 years; genetic diversity which was saved through hundreds of millennia were lost in less than half a century!

2.Risks to Biodiversity:

If we allow genetically modified seeds to take over our food and agriculture this will further the process of destroying biodiversity. Hybrid varieties and genetically modified seeds are based on monoculture and uniformity; they belie the intricate interwoven complexity of all forms of biodiversity with each other. Seed has been turned into a machine whose worth is weighed by productivity. But seed’s function is not only productivity: its function is in promoting various forms of life, of which human intelligence has as yet not grasped enough to turn it into a only an addition, subtraction formula. Plant life is very complex, it’s a food chain as well as shelter for millions of other life forms from birds to reptiles, to insects and millions and millions of microorganisms.  Uniformity in plant life negates diversity of life, and is fast leading to various forms of ecological disasters.

It needs to be added, that high yielding varieties are at least not an irreversible biological change in the plant, and over time genetic material can be retrieved from these seeds. But GM seeds are formed through a biological process that is irreversible. The GM seed can carry out reproduction with natural seeds; this means vast, irreversible contamination of our genetic resources. Once GM seeds have spread in nature, it’s like having a child with genetic abnormalities – one cannot take away the defect and it will keep on producing itself, contaminating and polluting natural varieties in the environment.

3. Corporate Control over Food and Agriculture

Agro-chemical corporations and seed corporations have worked hard to create a legal policy framework based on which seed can be called their property. This is because seed has an amazing characteristic – even only a single seed can generate hundreds of replicas and hence it is impossible to create control over seed – this is only possible through a legal system that allows these mega-corporations to control and own life. With control over seed by profit-driven corporations, a nation loses the ability to control its food production. The corporations can choose the price at which a seed would be sold. They can easily refrain from marketing seeds in any particular country; in these times of conflict and war – seed control is only one more added dependency. Today farmers cannot decide what they would like to grow; they have to depend on what seed the corporations provide in the market and have little choice but to grow that. Please note that today, nearly all vegetables in Pakistan are grown from corporate controlled seeds and each one of them is heavily doused with toxic pesticides. This is the food that all citizens are forced to consume –rich or poor.

It is important to note that a majority of seed is now in the hands of only four big corporations: Bayer, BASF, ChemChina and Corteva; in a handful of years, these four corporations have monopolized the seed sector. These four seed corporations control 60% percent of seed sales, globally. Just ten years ago, in 2009 there were at least 100 seed companies. Only in the last 2-3 years, there have been huge mergers such as Bayer purchasing Monsanto to be the largest seed company today. In 2017, DuPont had merged with Dow to form the US Corporation DowDupont; this year the company has separated its agricultural wing and named it Corteva agriscience.

4.Cost of Production

For the farmers, hybrid and GM seeds mean extremely high cost of production. Seed companies have created a ‘package deal’. This means that if you buy a particular brand of seed, you also have to buy prescribed pesticides, weedicides and herbicides. So the farmer is forced to purchase a whole range of branded products. And there is no guarantee even after that the farmer will still be able to reap a profitable harvest.

It must be well understood, that these GM and hybrid seeds cannot grow without the added chemical fertilizers. The fertilizers are like magnet to pests, and hence our food is drenched with vast doses of highly toxic chemicals as pesticides, weedicides, and/or herbicides. Today, there is no small farmer who is not indebted! It is now like a dog chasing his tail: farmers keep on investing in hybrid and GM seeds hoping to have a high yield so that they can pay off their debts and every season get further indebted.

There is no lack of evidence that GM seeds have failed not only in Pakistan but across the globe. Some years ago a USDA GAINS report had claimed that almost 95% of cotton in Pakistan is grown from GM seeds. These seeds had been introduced in Pakistan in the early 2000s – in the past years it is well known that cotton harvest is going down and we are now importing more and more cotton from international markets. Not only genetically modified BT Cotton seed failed to control pest attacks, it has also led to attacks from other pests often termed as ‘super bugs’, which now need higher application of pesticides.

5. Water and Land

A critical point to be addressed include the use of external inputs with genetically modified and hybrid seeds. These seeds are highly dependent on external inputs and high levels of water. Please note Pakistan is a semi-arid zone, and is dependent on rains and its glaciers. Irrigation water is in short supply, a fact which is well known; hence the concentrated push for construction of dams. It is often said that in the coming decades water will be the base for major wars. Irrigation water has been a source of conflict not only across border, but also within the country among our provinces, responsible for much bitterness and acrimony. And we are wasting this precious scarce resource on promotion of seeds that have created multiple levels of dependency for our farmers. Today, the government of Pakistan’s policy including the government of Punjab is to push for agricultural trade liberalization with emphasis on increasing exports. So in essence when we use these profit-driven seeds (loosing vast quantities of extremely precious foreign exchange) we are not only using vast quantities of our dwindling water resources, we are also exporting water.

It is no secret that Pakistan has adopted corporate farming as an ideal policy shift. But what is the cost being paid for this shift? Water scarce countries, or countries facing vast land degradation are rushing to acquire land in Pakistan. Already, a UAE-based corporation Al Dahra has acquired land in Sindh and is growing fodder, a variety, which is highly water dependent. Similarly, China has also voiced interest in the agriculture sector. Much of the attraction is to use GM technology in Pakistan and grow food grains for exports.

6. Pollution, Safe, Nutritious Food and Health

Control over seeds is not only a matter of dependency on seeds provided by the corporations it’s also about the toxicity that has now become part and parcel of our food systems. If somebody sprays chemical on our food plate we would not eat it – but we are blind to the fact that these GM seeds are bred with toxics from the day they are planted in the soil to almost end of harvest. And to make it worse, among the GM seeds, the BT seeds have been so malformed that poison has been put in the very seed and hence the poison spreads across the plant. Do Pakistanis not have the right to demand for safe and nutritious food?

This high degree of toxic contamination has had a heavy toll on human life and all living things. Today society is rife with a wide range of debilitating diseases, much of which can be laid to toxic food and environment created by industrial agriculture. Apart from the physical and emotional toll disease and sickness takes on an individual and household, it also needs to be mentioned that medical treatment is almost impossible for a vast segment of the Pakistani society. Cancer treatment runs to more than 17-20 lakhs, and even then it’s not necessary that human life be saved.

It is important to recall the spate of legal cases against Monsanto’s herbicide Roundup Ready which contains glyphosate, now been termed by WHO’s agency IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer) as potential to cause cancer in humans. In one case more than $2 billion dollars in punitive damages have been levied on Monsanto for causing cancer in a husband and wife who had been using the chemical on their land.

Malnutrition is now the order of the day. Almost half the children in Pakistan suffer from malnutrition. It is important to understand why! The most basic reason is that what is produced today in our agricultural fields does assuage hunger but is unable to provide nutrition, especially micronutrients. Our indigenous varieties were not only totally dependent on internal inputs (such as animal manure and compost, low water quantity) but put down deep roots in search of nutrition for the plant and thereby extracted the minerals from the soil naturally. The roots of hybrid and GM plants take their food from urea and other chemical fertilizers so amply applied on the behest of salesmen of corporations, and hence lack micronutrients.

Apart from spreading death and disease among humans, the heavy use of chemicals on industrial agriculture has also wiped out vast variety of flora and fauna. A very common example is of butterflies and honeybees. These small insects are critical for spread of pollen, and in addition created rich food – honey- for humans. Similarly, hundred of species of birds have been lost due to the spray of pesticides and use of chemical fertilizers.

The fine balance of our splendid ecosystems and the environment has been destroyed. Today farmers, not only in Pakistan but in farmlands globally, face hunger and poverty, debt, disease and death – with seed being major factor has been chained by grotesque profit seeking corporations, who value money more than social well being of life and the planet.

7. Imperialist Impositions

There is no doubt that the present legal framework surrounding seeds is based on the TRIPs agreement of the World Trade Organization (WTO). The WTO has developed a whole range of legal structures to promote neoliberal trade regimes, of which TRIPs is one. The TRIPs agreement is based on the fact that first the northern countries’ corporations hold monopoly over the seed sector, and second, seed is hard to commodify. The only way to ensure that the seed is shackled and wrested out of farmers’ control is to create laws, which take away the centuries old collective rights of farmers.

It is clear that government officials are not in favour of the policies and legal framework that WTO is imposing on Pakistani law with respect to seed laws. The dissent has been clear in the past 25 years, after the creation of WTO in 1995.  The dissent is based on honouring the rights of farmers, the countries best interests with respect to warding off dependency in its food systems both to protect the producers and consumers, and finally to save the country from the clutches of further dependency.

Please note that in the context to the approval process of GM Maize, all major stakeholders in the agriculture sector, which include farmers, food processors and national seed companies, have stood against commercial introduction of GM maize. GM maize is especially controversial because of its cross-pollination dangers. There is no doubt that GM maize would contaminate indigenous germ-plasm which is an irreversible process, and would result in wiping out local maize varieties from the country. The Secretary, Ministry of National Food Security and Research has pointed out that GM maize provides no significant yield increase and no reduction in our cost of production or the import. Further: “ this introduction may result in enhancement of import bill and also our exports may suffer.”

It should be noted that after commercialization of GM maize, there is no legal framework and SOPs on co-existence of GM & non-GM corn to protect farming community and consumers. Moreover, there is no mechanism for educating farmers on GMO-crops. The co-existence of GM and non-GM is a big challenge where 95 percent of farmers own less than five acres. In this scenario, there are high chances of cross-pollination of GM and non-GM crops.

Further, news items have also elaborated on strong opposition from defence institutions on GM technology for food crops. Army and Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) personal had participated in a consultative meeting. According to a representative of the military’s Strategic Planning Division (SPD), GM crops should be approved on a case-to-case basis,

and GM maize should not be approved for commercial planting in Pakistan.

Please note that various countries have serious concerns with GM crops. For instance, in 2017 the European Union (EU) has communicated serious concerns about GMO rice. Similarly, China has banned import of Rapeseed and Mustard meal from Pakistan in 2013 due to GM contamination in certain consignments. This ban has not been lifted as yet and we have lost this market. Russia and many Central Asian countries do not allow any GM crops. Gulf countries have also prohibited GM crops.

The above makes it clear that for farmers, citizens and society, a healthy food production system is critical of which seed is foundation. Hence, we are committed to stand and save our seeds. Currently, the Seed (Amended) Act 2015, and the Plant Breeders’ Rights Act 2016 are under consideration based on a petition filed by numerous people’s rights organizations at the Lahore High Court. We have faith that the judicial system will weigh the case from all aspects and give weight to the rights of the people, the farmers, and to our national self-interest rather than external corporate interests!

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Destruction of the Cotton Harvest: A Golden Opportunity for Transnational Corporations? http://rootsforequity.org/?p=242 http://rootsforequity.org/?p=242#respond Thu, 15 Nov 2018 05:12:03 +0000 http://walihaider.dx.am/?p=242

 Dr. Azra Talat Sayeed

In Pakistan, newspapers have been rife with news on the pink bollworm attack on the cotton harvest this year. The scenario is indeed disastrous on many accounts. Of course, the very first in line to be caught in the destruction are Pakistan’s millions of small farmers. With cotton being a major cash crop, millions rely on the cotton harvest to provide them with a sizeable amount of their income. In fact, they go heavily into debt to not only buy the cottonseed but also very expensive fertilizers and the many types of pesticides that are sprayed on cotton, without which conventional or genetically modified seeds will not yield a harvest. According to small farmers from Multan and Sahiwal, nearly 90 percent of crop has been destroyed. For farmers who have leased land their loss per acre is approximately Rs 40,000 in Multan. For those, who have their own land loss is about Rs 20,000 per acre.

Another critical point is the amount of pesticides that have been used on the cotton crop this year. A newspaper advisory from the government mentions the ‘correct’ use of pesticides that farmer should be applying on cotton. That is indeed ironical: one of the hypes used for promotion of Bt cotton has been its ability to ward off pest attack. But this year the attack of pink bollworms has put to rest this myth, at least.

For those of us who have long critiqued the promotion of genetically modified seeds one does not know whether to rejoice the failure of the harvest or to mourn the loss of livelihood and further ecological harm that this crop has been able to havoc on the environment?

There are farmers who also feel that this failure can be beneficial to gigantic seed corporations who thrive on their patented very expensive seeds. Next year would be an ideal year for seed giants such as Monsanto to insist on selling very expensive branded Bt Cotton.

According to a farmer from a small farmers alliance namely Pakistan Kissan Mazdoor Tehreek (PKMT), this could be a golden opportunity for the push to change from cotton to corn sowing. As we all know, corn is being used for making ethanol. Pioneer, another American company has been promoting the use of certain branded corn varieties that are used for animal feed. The animal dung from these animals yield higher urea content and is considered to be a good source of biogas.

What is the cost of these branded seeds? An example is of hybrid corn seeds in the market. Seeds by Pioneer, Syngenta and Monsanto are priced at Rs 5,500 to Rs 6,000 per 10 kg which is what is needed per acre. The ‘beauty of these seeds is that none of them give seed for next year cultivation. Hence the farmer has to buy seeds every year. This was the main pivot for pushing for intellectual property rights on seeds under the TRIPs agreement in the WTO.

At the moment all cottonseed in the market is being sold with out trade marks. For one kilogram of cotton seed the price can vary from Rs 300 to Rs 1500/kg. If women sow seed by hand than at least 3 kg seed is needed; if seed drills are used than 5-8 kg is used. Of course if patented cotton seed is introduced next year, the reason for passing the Amended Seed Act 2015, then there is no doubt that cotton seed costs will jump sky high.

So indeed, the cotton crop failure this year could be exactly the kind of situation that the multinational corporations have been advocating: substandard seed is the cause of the current catostrope. However, it needs to be pointed out that Bt Cotton has suffered a similar fate in India where Bt Cotton seed is very much under patent protection. The Nagpur-based Central Institute for Cotton Research (CICR) has confirmed the pink bollworm resistance to Monsanto’s second-generation biotechnology protection Bollgard-II in some parts of Indian Gujarat

So on one hand Pakistan’s agriculture faces crop failure due to malfunctioning hybrid and GM seeds although the corporations continue the propaganda that patented seeds will not give very high yields. On the hand, crop pattern in itself is changing: there is increasing push to grow sugar cane ethanol. According to OECD-FAO Agricultural Outlook, Pakistan has increased it ethanol production from 97.2 million litres in 2004 to 321.8 million litres in 2014. Based on newspaper reporting much of the ethanol in Pakistan is being sent to Europe.

There is every chance that corn will also gain ground for ethanol and/or as feed and urea production. If indeed, western countries in their ‘addiction’ to energy are looking for markets for not only their seeds but also land for growing ethanol, then Pakistan’s agricultural production is most probably fall back on colonial production and trade patterns.  We will be once again a cash crop supplier to Europe and other rich nations, as in the days of colonization.

Do our farmers want to be energy suppliers to the oil-guzzling vehicle industry in the North? What about food for our people? What is the cost of producing clean energy for Northern ‘democracies’? What are the chances for equitable land distribution in this current scenario? Will the landlords not be even more strong now? And of course the onslaught of land grabbing will certainly gain momentum to gain maximum profits from oil producing crops not to mention other lucrative corporate agriculture ventures? In how many more ways are we going to suffer from the imperialist nations’ constant plundering from our soils?

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Cotton crop disaster: opportunity for global seed corporations http://rootsforequity.org/?p=240 http://rootsforequity.org/?p=240#respond Thu, 15 Nov 2018 05:11:31 +0000 http://walihaider.dx.am/?p=240

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AZRA TALAT SAYEED

NEWSPAPERS have been rife with reports about a pink bollworm attack on the cotton crop this year. The scenario is indeed disastrous on many accounts.

Of course, the very first thing to be destroyed is the livelihood of the country’s millions of small farmers.

With cotton being a major cash crop, millions rely on its harvest for a sizable portion of their income. In fact, they go heavily into debt to not only buy the cotton seed but also expensive inputs like fertilisers and multiple pesticides that are sprayed on cotton. Without these, the seed cannot yield a good harvest.

According to small farmers from Multan and Sahiwal, nearly 90pc of the cotton crop has been destroyed. For farmers in Multan who sowed on leased land, the per-acre loss is approximately Rs40,000. And the loss for those who have their own land runs to about Rs20,000.

Another critical point is the amount of pesticides that have been used on the cotton crop this year. A newspaper advisory from the government mentions the ‘correct’ use of pesticides that farmers should be applying on the beleaguered cotton crop. This is indeed ironic, as one major selling point of Bt cotton is its ability to ward off pest attacks. But the attack of pink bollworms this year has at least put this claim to rest.

There are farmers who also feel that the crop’s failure will be beneficial for the gigantic seed corporations that thrive on their expensive patented seeds.

According to a farmer from the Pakistan Kissan Mazdoor Tehreek, this could be a golden opportunity to push farmers to switch from cotton to corn. Corn is used for making ethanol. Pioneer, an American company, has also been promoting the use of certain branded corn varieties that are used for animal feed.

The animal dung from animals fed these corn varieties yield higher urea content and is considered a good source of biogas. But one has to yet see whether the patented hybrid corn seeds will turn out to be a boon or bane for Pakistan’s agriculture sector.

What is the cost of these branded seeds? Hybrid corn seeds of Pioneer, Syngenta and Monsanto are priced at Rs5,500-6,000 per 10kg; it takes about 10kg of seeds for per-acre sowing. The ‘beauty’ of these seeds is that none of them give seed for next year’s cultivation. Hence, the farmers have to buy new batches of seed every year.

That is the crux of the matter for the agro-chemical and biotechnology firms. No doubt, the ‘commodification’ of natural resources is a key strategy of market-driven forces.

At the moment, all cotton seeds in the market are being sold without trademarks. The price of 1kg of cotton can vary from Rs300 to Rs1,500. If women sow seed by hand, then at least 3kg is needed; if seed drills are used, then 5-8kg is required.

So if patented cotton seed, particularly the genetically modified Bt variety, is introduced next year (a major reason for the passing of the Amended Seed Act 2015), then there is no doubt that seed prices will jump.

The cotton crop’s failure this year can be exactly the kind of situation that benefits multinational corporations: it will now be argued that substandard seed is the cause of the current catastrophe.

However, it needs to be pointed out that Bt cotton has suffered a similar fate in India, where this seed is heavily protected under patents. The Nagpur-based Central Institute for Cotton Research has confirmed the pink bollworm’s resistance to Monsanto’s second generation biotechnology protection Bollgard-II in some parts of Indian Gujarat.

Meanwhile, our textile industry will face a further setback when it is unable to find cotton for local production. According to some newspapers, the All Pakistan Textile Manufacturers Association and the Pakistan Cotton Ginners’ Association are advocating for the import of Bt cotton seeds supported by Monsanto.

At the same time, Pakistan is increasing its sugarcane harvest to produce more ethanol. According to the OECD-FAO Agricultural Outlook, Pakistan increased its ethanol production from 97.2m litres in 2004 to 321.8m litres in 2014.

Based on media reports, much of the ethanol in the country is being sent to Europe. Do our farmers want to be energy suppliers to the oil-guzzling vehicle industry in the northern hemisphere? What about food for our own people?

azra.sayeed@gmail.com

Published in Dawn, Business & Finance weekly, November 23rd, 2015

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Experts question approval of GM corn, cotton to be sold in market http://rootsforequity.org/?p=238 http://rootsforequity.org/?p=238#respond Thu, 15 Nov 2018 05:10:52 +0000 http://walihaider.dx.am/?p=238

JAMAL SHAHID

ISLAMABAD: The government has approved over 100 varieties of genetically modified corn and cotton to be sold in the market, but the move has drawn concern from some agriculture experts.

They have argued that the regulatory system and national bio-safety laws, and the standard operating procedure for the commercialisation of genetically engineered technology have been ignored.

Defending the government, recently appointed Ministry of Climate Change Secretary Syed Abu Ahmad Akif, expressed his team’s confidence in the integrity of the approval process.

Experts say bio-safety laws, SOPs for commercialisation of genetically engineered technology have been ignored

He said: “The technical advisory committee (TAC), made up of agriculture scientists from around the country, recommended 113 varieties of GM corn and cotton for field-testing and commercialisation. All these recommendations have been approved.”

However, experts maintain that multinational seed producing companies had only conducted small scale two-year regulatory trials in confined fields at their premises.

These companies did not carry out large scale nationwide adaptability trials before selling genetically modified technologies to local farmers as required under international and national laws.

The trials are necessary to check the performance of genetically engineered seeds in domestic environments and assess the risk of imported genetically modified technologies on the local environment and on humans.

“A unique example has been set in the world, where no risk assessment has been conducted of genetically engineered technologies,” a senior official from the Pakistan Agriculture Research Centre (PARC) said.

One of the main concerns of many agriculture experts is that the approved varieties of genetically modified corn and cotton contain herbicide-resistant gene. The PARC official said: “These GM technologies require extensive pesticide sprays, such as Roundup glyphosate, to kill pests and control weeds. Over 34 species of weed have developed resistance against glyphosate around the world, causing super weeds to develop.”

Last year, the World Health Organisation announced that glyphosate, which is a key ingredient in pesticides such as the Roundup herbicide, is a human carcinogen.

PTI MNA Dr Arif Alvi also expressed concerns over the matter in parliament last week. In response to his questions, both Commerce Minister Khuram Dastagir Khan and Minister for National Food Security and Research Malik Sikandar Hayat Khan Bosan stated that multinational seed and pesticide production companies were not permitted to market their genetically modified technologies.

However, the country head of the multinational genetically modified seed production company Dupont, Nadeem Mirza, told Dawn that his company can now sell new genetically modified corn seed technologies to farmers.

Aamir M Mirza, the country head at Monsanto, said: “Large scale trials could not be carried out until these technologies, tested and approved in other countries, were approved by local authorities. Large scale trials will now be done after the government has permitted us.”

PTI’s Dr Alvi has said he will move a breach of privilege motion for being mislead in parliament.

“Genetically engineered seed technologies have not been tested in large scale areas. GM corn is a highly cross-pollinating crop and can contaminate other, non-GM crops. GM technologies might be the need of the future, but all the safeguards must be followed before alien varieties of crops are introduced in Pakistan that can endanger its indigenous strategic crops,” he said.

Some of the first countries to adopt genetically engineered cotton, such as India, China and Australia, have not allowed genetically modified corn to be grown on their soil, fearing health and environmental hazards.

Dr Inayatullah, who has a PhD in Entomology (pest control) from the Oklahoma State University, said that once sown, genetically modified crops such as corn will interfere with indigenous crop varieties and harm the natural evolutionary process. He argued that genetically modified varieties would give rise to new pests that would likely endanger Pakistan’s indigenous crops, particularly sugarcane, rice, wheat and sorghum.

“GM crops trigger allergies, diabetes and cancer. This is true in America, one of the largest consumers of GM foods and highest numbers of diabetes and cancer patients,” he said.

Experts have said that in 2014, multinationals had asked to import genetically modified corn and cotton seeds from the United States and the Philippines for large scale testing to assess environmental and health hazards. According to documents available with Dawn, they were not given permission.

In 2014, the Lahore High Court ordered the climate change ministry not to issue licences and no-objection certificates for the trial and commercialisation of genetically modified technologies.

Published in Dawn, March 28th, 2016

http://www.dawn.com/news/1248351/experts-question-approval-of-gm-corn-cotton-to-be-sold-in-market

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Controversy over commercial use of GM corn seeds http://rootsforequity.org/?p=236 http://rootsforequity.org/?p=236#respond Thu, 15 Nov 2018 05:10:09 +0000 http://walihaider.dx.am/?p=236

ASHFAK BOKHARI

A HEATED controversy is raging over whether or not the government has given a go-ahead to some multinationals to make commercial sale of GM corn seeds at a time when the Seed (Amendment) Bill, which allows it, has yet to be passed by the Senate.

The companies claim to have received a formal permission and licences from the Ministry of Climate Change. But in response to a point of order raised by an opposition MNA in the National Assembly a fortnight ago, two federal ministers Khurram Dastgir and Sikandar Hayat Khan Bosan categorically denied that the government had given licence to any multinational company for commercial trial of GM (genetically modified) corn seeds. GM corn is stated to be a crop with serious side-effects because of cross-pollination that can contaminate other non-GM crops within a range of 200-500 metres.

The question that remains unanswered is which authorities have given permission to the seed companies. The National Bio-safety Centre, whose committee normally gives approval, is not functional these days and there is none to monitor the new technology and gather data.

However, the permission, if at all, has been given without conducting the required field trials of the GM seeds and this, the critics say, constitutes a clear violation of the national bio-safety laws and the international standard operating procedures. But Croplife, the industry’s representative body, insists that the authorities concerned have already given the go-ahead.

The country’s laboratories are not in a position to handle the situation and its institutions are also not capable of monitoring and regulating the GM corn crop.

Croplife also claims that the Technical Advisory Committee’s sub-committee for field monitoring visited all trial sites in each growing season for collecting data and assessing compliance. The reports for each season and each year were submitted to the relevant departments and ministries.

Besides, it said, the sub-committee for GM corn commercialisation had thoroughly reviewed all the field trial reports to assess the risk and concluded that GM corn is as safe as non-GM corn.

Maybe, instead of field trials involving farmers, some observers say, small-scale tests in confined areas were conducted in certain government institutions and universities. No insect resistance management programme was considered and no proper Refugia was planned. Refugia means a 5-10pc area covered by a crop where non-GM seeds are cultivated to delay resistance.

Monsanto, a leading US seed multinational, claims that the government had recently allowed commercialisation of its GM corn in Pakistan after a long and rigorous process starting from 2009. Aamir Mirza, CEO, of Monsanto Pakistan says that “the government has accepted our two technologies namely Insect Protection and Herbicide Tolerant.”

He said that a monitoring sub-committee had visited fields for assessment of trials a number of times in each growing season and during this period, the company had followed a proper procedure for seeking approval from the National Biodiversity Committee and it went for seed imports and field trials only after the approval was received.

A former chief of Environment Protection Agency, Asif Shuja, says the decision had been taken in haste by the government with no proper procedure followed or risk assessment carried out. This could raise grave problems in future.

The country’s laboratories, he says, are not in a position to handle the situation and its institutions are also not capable of monitoring and regulating the GM corn crop. There is need for a proper risk assessment of the new technology and to ascertain whether the manpower, institutions and system available at the moment could tackle the challenge.

Local seed industry officials are of the view that since the government has no option but to support the biotech industry because of political reasons, what is needed is a strong regulatory system to strengthen the biotech research and development activities.

According to the findings of the World Bank’s International Agency for Research on Cancer made public in March 2015, glyphosate — a chemical in herbicides that are widely used on GM crops — is ‘probably carcinogenic to humans’. Glyphosate is used in a US multinational’s branded herbicide Roundup Ready, which can be sprayed on crops that have been genetically modified to tolerate glyphosate.

Many Pakistani NGOs and farmer organisations have been opposing the GM technology for its anti-farmer bias and health risks. Many of them have written to the Senate’s chairman, asking him to reject the draft Seed Act 2014 and enact a new law in its place that protects the interests of small farmers who under the present bill could be fined and imprisoned for preserving, selling and exchanging seeds, a centuries-old tradition that has helped them produce grains in surplus.

Published in Dawn, Business & Finance weekly, April 4th, 2016

http://www.dawn.com/news/1249740/controversy-over-commercial-use-of-gm-corn-seeds

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RISKING AGRI-OUTPUT: BIOSAFETY BODY APPROVES GM SEEDS WITHOUT CONSULTATION http://rootsforequity.org/?p=234 http://rootsforequity.org/?p=234#respond Thu, 15 Nov 2018 05:09:42 +0000 http://walihaider.dx.am/?p=234

The Express Tribune, May 20th, 2016

Shahzad Anwar

ISLAMABAD: Commercialisation of genetically modified (GM) seeds, which could cause cancer according to the World Health Organisation (WHO), has been approved without consultation with key stakeholders such as farmers, environmentalists and consumers.

The National Bio-safety Committee (NBC), which examines seed varieties for approval, gave the go-ahead to GM seeds of wheat, peas, sugarcane, potato, mustard, corn and cotton three weeks ago in its 14th meeting.

According to documents available with The Express Tribune, most of the cases approved by the NBC were submitted by the institutions whose representatives were also members of its Technical Advisory Committee (TAC).

These institutions include National Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faisalabad, Central Cotton Research Institute, Multan and Forman Christian College, Lahore. Multinational companies such as Monsanto, Syngenta and Dupont also sought approval for their GM seeds.

In the meeting, Ministry of Climate Change Secretary Sayed Akif Ahmed told the NBC that they had been criticised for not following proper procedures and taking hasty decisions due to growing commercial interest in genetically modified organisms (GMO).

Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency Director General Irfan Tariq recalled that the committee had approved 70 GM seeds out of the 119 under scrutiny in its previous meeting. The committee had permitted Monsanto and Dupont to commercially use GM corn without conducting large-scale trials and risk assessments and by by-passing biosafety laws.

The government has now reversed this decision.

Despite the criticism, the committee approved 49 cases of laboratory genetic manipulation, import, field trials and commercialisation of GM crops in the 14th meeting and also gave the green signal to 22 varieties of BT cotton.

The NBC also allowed some companies exemption from field trials of their GM seeds.

According to the documents, the NBC granted approvals according to TAC’s recommendations.

However, anti-GMO lobbyists are questioning the composition of TAC.

“It was a deliberate attempt by the National Bio-safety Committee to engage in low-profile discussions and proceedings on GMOs to avoid any outcry from the farmers and conscious citizens,” a source privy to the matter said.

He added large-scale cultivation of GM corn and BT cotton, a genetically modified variety of cotton which produces an insecticide for bollworm, could potentially threaten local seed varieties through cross-pollination. On the other hand, GMO lobbyists argue that genetically engineered seeds are high yielding and insect resistant.

However, their argument has not withstood the test in countries such as India, China and Australia where the per-acre yield has gradually dropped and new pests have emerged.

These countries have now banned cultivation of GM corn or other transgenic food crops.

The source said there were similarities in agro-climatic conditions between some Indian states such as Haryana, Punjab and Rajasthan, and Pakistan where BT cotton was being cultivated.

He said more than 86% of BT cotton was cultivated in Sindh and Punjab where pink bollworm infestation had been reported since 2011.

He said Pakistan had failed to meet its cotton production target of 15 million bales in 2015-16 and had only harvested 9.5 million bales.

http://tribune.com.pk/story/1106701/risking-agri-output-biosafety-body-approves-gm-seeds-without-consultation/

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Farmers Reject GM Cotton/BT Cotton http://rootsforequity.org/?p=232 http://rootsforequity.org/?p=232#respond Thu, 15 Nov 2018 05:08:58 +0000 http://walihaider.dx.am/?p=232

August 31, 2016

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Pakistan Kissan Mazdoor Tehreek (PKMT) and Roots for Equity had organized a protest rejecting the promotion of Bt/GM in Punjab, Pakistan in front of Lahore Press Club. Farmers from various districts from Punjab participated in the protest.

Addressing to the protest PKMT secretary Wali Haider told that government is pursuing policies that advocate the production of genetically-engineered cotton; a policy which would ultimately allow hegemonic transnational seed companies such as Monsanto to take control and dictate the total agricultural cotton policy and production in the province, which surely will also spread to other provinces. The Amended Seed Act, 2015 has already been passed that was the first step in aggressively promoting hybrid and GM cotton; the next step is the passing of the Plant Breeders Rights Act, which is already in the final stage of approval in the National Assembly. All of these initiative are there to protect intellectual property rights of the TNCs in result Bt cotton business will have a legal cover.

PKMT firmly reasserts farmers collective right to seed, its free exchange among farmers; it is the farmers who have bred, preserved and passed on the genetic material of seed over many millennia and we will not allow profit-hungry corporations to control the most basic agricultural input – critical for maintaining life on our planet. The agro-chemical mega-corporations that thrive on ‘selling’ lies about higher yields has gained super profits while leaving farmers reeling under multi-pronged crises from suicidal debt, to ever-increasing cost of production, pests and super bugs infestation, falling yields, and destroyed lands and lives. Bt-cotton cultivation is a diabolical attack that will replace/reduce wheat production, the most critical food crop that ensures food security of the small and landless farmers.

According to PKMT National Coordinator Raja Mujeeb, Bt-cotton was initially illegally imported to Pakistan, has time and again wrecked havoc in the cotton fields of the country – last year’s very low cotton yields is testament. According to a research study by International Research on Cancer, Glysophate can probably cause cancer in human. This chemical is used extensively in Monsanto’s herbicide “Round-up Ready.”

PKMT Punjab coordinator, Zahoor Joya emphases that GM technology is being resisted by a vast number of countries across the World, including in very advanced countries such as France and Germany; in such an environment, where Pakistan does not have enough expertise to evaluate this technology, promotion of GM crops can result in many disasters impacting our environment, biodiversity, health and food security. The certified Monsanto seeds in India have already faced a failure creating havoc in the lives of farmers there. In this scenario, the Government must step back and put its efforts in promoting agroecological practices in the production of cotton which would yield high quality cotton. This has a vast market abroad and in the country and would ensure not only a livelihood for farmers but improve the health of the people and our agricultural land.

PKMT demands that instead of promoting TNCs interest and GM crops, the government must put a moratorium on GM technology so that national genetic resources, environment, biodiversity and most importantly right to seed for farmers can be protected.

Released by: Pakistan Kissan Mazdoor Tehreek (PKMT)

Urdu Press Release

BT Cotton Press Release Lahore 31-08-2016 copy

BT Cotton Dawn

BT Cotton Jurat News copyBT Cotton Pakistan Newspdf copy

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